Articles

Psychology Today Article on Intimacy and Infidelity. By Gordon S. Livingston.

Of all the tasks we set for ourselves, the choice of the person with whom we expect to spend the rest of our life is the most important and (barring eternity in heaven) carries with it our slender and diluted hope for immortality. That we are poor at making this choice is evident in the routine failures of marriage that dot the landscape around us. If giving our heart to another is such an important undertaking, why do we not train our young to recognize and develop those traits of character that make for satisfying and enduring relationships?

happy marriage Psychology Today Article on Intimacy and Infidelity.  By Gordon S. Livingston.
Think what you knew as a young teenager, the time when we begin to learn to engage in the great human experiment that we hope will result in a lasting intimacy with another human being. Think what models you had of how adults have solved this problem in their lives. Think of what the popular culture taught us about who was “hot” and who was not. How did each of us measure up to these images? What kind of courage was required to control our insecurities enough to reach out to others and allow them to know us?
We are routinely told that adolescence and young adulthood are supposed to be “the happiest years of your life.” In fact, it is a time fraught with failed experiments in human relationships. Since our parents and schools give us little useful information about how to live in the world, we are engaged in an exercise in trial and error learning. Some of the errors, notably social rejection, are extremely painful. Most of us develop a persona that allows us to minimize this pain. Those who have the accidental gifts of athletic ability or conventional beauty tend to do best at this stage of life. The rest of us try to control our anxieties and develop alternative identities by finding others who share our interests and our developing philosophy of what constitutes worldly success. This is the basis for the (universally mispronounced) “cliques” that characterize life in high school.
I just went back to my high school reunion and was astonished at the different memories we all had of that time together. Gone with the years was the sense of losing the social competition that is my most vivid memory that period. The water that had flowed under each of our bridges had washed away the feelings of not being good enough or attractive enough or smart enough to succeed in the impenetrably complicated game of life. Each of us seems to have made his separate peace with his journey, now drawing to a close, and with each other. The old pictures we passed around were of people impossibly young, with different values and no accomplishment. We felt a bond of familiarity that flowed from those years spent together, but I think we all would like to have had a moment of time travel to reassure those young faces that they would find a way to resolve their insecurities, would find someone to love us, and that life would bring us other things more important to worry about than our adolescent indecision.

Of the many things we didn’t know when we were 18, the most important was who we were looking for who would consent to share our fates. The people we were surrounded by then, especially those of the female persuasion, appeared to have something we greatly desired and what appeared to be the unfair power to say no. This put us in a position of vulnerability and generated some bad attitudes, notably anger, at the unfairness of having to be the ones to take the initiative in forming relationships. We were, of course, entirely unaware that the girls we so desired had their own insecurities about what was expected of them and what it meant not to be chosen. The whole scene was a laboratory for anxiety with little source of guidance except our peers who were feeling as confused as we were, though we seldom confessed this to each other.
In this environment it is not surprising that we had some trouble learning what the military calls the “rules of engagement.” The culture that surrounded us, which we breathed like air, suggested in its entertainment branch certain roles and behaviors that were inimical to what we looking for – closeness and respect – though we were unaware of this at the time. Instead the lessons we were taught had more to do with dominance, manipulation, and an implied contract for services that presumed very specific gender- based roles that, if well-played, would lead to satisfying and enduring relationships. Little did we know what awaited us when these roles became unsatisfying to women who eventually demanded their share of the American pie that they had heretofore simply been required to bake. Not surprisingly, the divorce rate began its climb to 50 percent of marriages where it remains. We were so surprised!
These changes, of course, didn’t happen all at once and not everyone was affected in the same way. It is still possible to find marriages, especially between religious people, operating under nineteenth and early twentieth century contracts. But, in general, young people are navigating new territory when it comes to relationships. They do, however, still struggle with the question of what constitutes a successful choice of partner, whom to avoid and whom to cherish. Which character traits are dangerous and which wear well over time? I have written another book on this topic. Suffice it to say here that in our search for happiness we are only entitled to receive that which we are prepared to give.
So, over the years, we have come to a different definition of what constitutes courage in our searches for intimacy. Our primary fears in this venture are humiliation and rejection. This is why relationships between the sexes are so fraught with competition and why so many marriages involve struggles for control. It is thought that infidelity, traditionally the province of men though women seem to be catching up, are simply a search for sexual variety. It is my experience, however, that going outside the marriage reflects deep-seated anger at one’s partner and is a tactic in the power struggles that characterizes so many relationships, especially those in which gender-roles are blurred and the partners are expected to be on equal footing.

The betrayal that infidelity represents is a profoundly hostile act that permanently alters relationships whether or not reconciliation and “forgiveness” allows them to continue. If the choice is to reconstitute the marriage, both people live with the knowledge that, whatever they meant when they promised their love and imagined that their hearts would be safe with the chosen other, that person intentionally hurt them in the most profound way. This is more than a violation of a promise (“forsaking all others”) it is an unmistakable indicator of selfishness, even hostility, on the part of someone in whom we have reposed our best hopes. There may be compelling reasons to stay together – children, finances, a belief that we are all imperfect and prone to “mistakes” – but a mask has slipped and what has been broken cannot be made new.
Confronted by such risks we still persist in our searches for love. If we misjudge our first attempts at intimacy, we try again. The alternative is loneliness, which for most of us is intolerable for long. Sometimes we learn from our mistakes, more often not; the rate of failure in second and third marriages is greater than that of our first attempts. We are distracted by superficial qualities and imagine that we are good judges of character when we are clearly not. This deficit in discrimination, this inability to discern who is loyal and kind and dependable over time costs us dearly and we grow cynical and self-protective. And the competition goes on as if love were a scarce and non-renewable resource that we must bargain for in the most self-protective way.

Marriage as an institution is not failing us; we are failing it.

Copyright Gordon Livingston, 2011

Overcoming Shopping Addiction

Have you ever wondered if your teen might have a shopping addiction?  Do you need advice for how you can help your teen overcome their shopping addiction?  By looking at the psychology behind shopping addictions, Dr. Denise Wood M.A., Psy.D explains how we can understand the causes of shopping addictions and how you can help your teen overcome.

women shopping Overcoming Shopping Addiction

Does your teenager have a shopping addiction?

What are the causes of shopping addictions in teens?

We will have to go back to neuropsychology 101. We all have dopamine receptors in our brain’s reward center. There is part of the limbic system that stimulates emotions and memories. The five senses in the limbic system are feeling, fleeing, fighting, sexual desire and feeding. All of these are part of a dopamine rush or dopamine high. Of course these are all primitive emotions and we have evolved past that point, now there are other senses such as shopping that may stimulate the dopamine hypothesis. Now every time you shop you get those neurons and electrons firing, you are experiencing a dopamine rush.

Over time your brain will crave this high and a teen may lose control over their shopping behavior, henceforth, craving the dopamine high so severely that they are now a shopping addict. A shopping gene may also play a part in teen shopping addiction. If a teen had an allele to certain dopamine receptors, they are more likely to identify with the shopping addiction than those who do not have this gene.

Let’s also take a look at the atmosphere, which the teen shopping addict was raised. Was the teen rewarded with shopping when they felt down, depressed, hopeless and helpless? Was the teen rewarded for good grades or doing well in sports by shopping? Was shopping emphasized as a way to feel better about themselves? Is there a history of addiction in the family? Has shopping become a competition among a group of friends? So now we have examined the genes as well as the environment as a precursor for the teen shopping addict.”

What type of impact can a teen’s shopping addiction have on their overall life?

Teen shopping addicts may fail to fulfill major obligations at school, home or work. They may start neglecting certain things such as their school work and their grades may start slipping. They may neglect or lie about their household chores so they can go shopping. They may call in sick to work at a part time job to spend time shopping with friends. They may develop legal problems such as stealing money from others to support their shopping addiction. Some shopping addicts go as far as to shoplift if they can’t afford the items and have decided they have to have them. Some teens may lie to their loved ones to get money for school activities when they are really spending the money on their shopping addiction.

Due to all or some of the above the shopping addict may create constant family arguments and or family strife. In addition, the teen shopping addict may have a hard time keeping friends as they may alienate others through their lies or inconsistencies. Teen shopping addicts often fall into a depression after the endorphin rush of shopping has dissipated. They may feel depressed and lonely knowing that it was only a temporary fix for their feelings of depression or inadequacy. The teen shopping addict may experience mood swings due to the emotional roller coaster they have placed themselves on. If the shopping teen addict has credit cards they may go into debt or cause others to go into debt if they are using other’s credit cards. Often a teen shopping addict will put themselves or others into a bankruptcy situation.”

What can parents do to help their teen overcome a shopping addiction?

As a parent the first step is to get your teen shopping addict to admit that they have a problem. As a parent make sure that you are ready for your teen shopping addict to deny they have a problem. Often the parents will be in denial with the teen shopping addict because they do not want to deal with the problem either.

Often the parent(s) of a teen shopping addict will punish the teen, thinking that this will make the problem go away. Most often punishment to the teen shopping addict means that they will become better at concealing their shopping addiction. They will lie, sneak and steal to avoid the no shopping consequences and keep shopping. Instead of punishment help is needed. Find a support group for your teen shopping addict whether it is online or offline. Seek out a professional. Professional therapy can identify triggers and issues that are plaguing the teen shopping addict. Psychological studies have shown that professional treatment followed by group therapy is the most effective way for a teen shopping addict to overcome their addiction.

Above all parents, your most important contribution to your teen suffering from a shopping addiction is support and encouragement.

Copyright Dr. Denise Wood M.A., Psy.D. and JALEH, 2011